Approaches to Management

APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT Dr. M. Thenmozhi Professor Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600 036 E-mail: [email  protected] ac. in APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Empirical Approach Human Behaviour Approach Social System Approach Decision Theory Approach Mathematical Approach Socio-Technical Systems Approach Systems Approach Contingency Approach Operational Approach REASONS & PROBLEMS 1) Semantic problems in management literature. 2) Contributions from different disciplines. 3) Misunderstanding of principles. EMPIRICAL APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ – – – –Study of managerial experiences and cases(mgt) Contributors: Earnest Dale, Mooney & Reiley, urwick. Features Study of Managerial Experiences Managerial experience passed from participationer to students for continuity in knowledge management. Study of Successful & failure cases help practicising managers. Theoretical research combined with practical experiences. †¢ – Uses Learning through experience of others †¢ – – Limitations No Contribution for the development of management as a discipline Situations of past not the same as present. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH †¢ – – Organisation as people ) Interpersonal Behaviour Approach – Individual Psychology b) Group Behaviour Approach – Organisation Behaviour †¢ – – – – Features Draws heavily from psychology & sociology. Understand human relations.Emphasis on greater productivity through motivation & good human relations Motivation, leadership, participative management & group dynamics are core of this approach. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR APPROACH Contd.. †¢ Uses – Demonstrates how management can be effective by applying knowledge of organisation behaviour. †¢ Contributors – Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom, Mc Cleland, Argyris, Likert, Lewin, Mc Gregor, etc. Limitations â€⠀œ Treating management as equivalent to human behaviour. – Talks about organisation & organisation behaviour in vague terms. SOCIAL SYSTEM APPROACH †¢ †¢ Understanding the behaviour of groups & individuals. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Social System, a system of cultural relationship Relationship exist between external and internal environment of the organisation. Formal Organisation – Cultural relationships of social groups working within the organisation. Co-operation necessary Efforts directed – harmony between goals of organisation & goals of groups.SOCIAL SYSTEM APPROACH Contd†¦ †¢ Contributors – Pareto, Chester Barnard †¢ Uses – Organisational decisions should not be based on desires of one group alone but should reflect the interests of all the parties. †¢ Limitations – Broader than management & its practice – Overlooks many management concepts principles & techniques that are important to practising ma nagers. DECISION THEORY APPROACH †¢ Manager – Decision maker †¢ Organisation – Decision making unit. †¢ Features – Management is decision making. – Members of Organisation – decision makers and problem solvers. Decision making – control point in management – Increasing efficiency – the quality of decision – MIS, process & techniques of decision making are the subject matter of study. DECISION THEORY APPROACH †¢ Contributors – Simon, Cyert, Forrester, etc. †¢ Uses – Tools for making suitable decisions in organisations. †¢ Limitation – Does not take the total view of management – Decision making – one aspect of management MATHEMATICAL APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ Management- logical entity Actions- Mathematical symbols, Relationships and measurable data. Features 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Problem Solving mechanism with the help of mathematical tools and techniques.P roblems Expressed in mathematical symbols. Variables in management – quantified. Scope – Decision making, system analysis & some aspect of human behaviour. Tools – Operations research ,simulation etc. MATHEMATICAL APPROACH Cont.. †¢ Contributors – Newman, Russell Ackoff, Charles Hitch, etc. †¢ Uses – Provided Exactness in management discipline. †¢ Limitations – Not a separate school – Technique in decision making. SOCIO -TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ Features – Social & technicals systems interact. This interaction is important for organisational effectiveness. – Organisation – governed by social laws as well as psychological forces. Technical aspects of organisation modified by the social aspects. †¢ Contributors – Trist, Bamforth, Emery etc. †¢ Uses – Organisational effectiveness depends on looking at people and their interactions and also at the technical environment in which they operate. – Change in technology – Change in social interactions at work place SOCIO -TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ Limitations – – – – Lack of total managerial view Concentrate on factory or other production system No new contribution People aware about the role of technology of the social system of the work placeSYSTEMS APPROACH †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ An enterprise Man-Made system Internal parts Achieve established goals External parts Achieve interplay with its environment Manager integrates his available facilities with goal achievement. †¢ Uses – Quick Perception – Better Planning †¢ Limitations – Complicated – Expensive CONTIGENCY SCHOOL †¢ In developing management concepts the environment within which the concepts are to be applied has to be considered. †¢ Internal environment – Structure, Processess, Technology. †¢ External Environment – Social, Economic, Political etc. †¢ Features Appropriateness of a management technique depends on situation. –If – Then approach. OPERATIONAL APPROACH †¢ Management is a process. †¢ Universalist / Classist / Traditional Approach. †¢ This school concentrates on the role and functions of managers and distills the principles to be followed by them. †¢ Features – – – – – Functions of managers remain same Functions of management core of good management Framework of management Principles of management †¢ Contributors – Fayol, Lyndall Urwick ,Harold Koontz, Newman, Mc Farland, Taylor. †¢ Uses – Flexible & practical but not universal.

Alienation in the Music Industry

Even though it has been quite a long time since Marx wrote about alienation, we can still apply his ideas to contemporary jobs. As an international student and a semi-professional musician, I will compare Marx’s ideas to Turkish and global music sector and examine whether they still pertain. I have been producing music for 12 years now and since last year I started producing music that really makes me feel satisfied. Last year, my band mates and me started seeking a record deal so that we could start making money.We read articles on ‘How to write a hit song? ’, ‘How to sell a song? ’ and on the general trends in the music sector. We noticed that almost all popular songs follow a similar pattern. 2012 statistics of ‘album sales’ in Turkey clarifies that nearly every song in top 50 is produced with a techno music background. â€Å"This emerging genre of dance music is produced by an unprecedented level of complex technologies involving com puterized, electronic, hybrid machines that replace the traditional musical instruments. We can observe the same statistics in a global scale. We can understand techno music’s structure from digitally synthesized western chords and a digital drum kicks in every beat. In my opinion constant drum kicks in this music is a great metaphor for laborers who have to go to their workplaces and do the same assignments over and over again. Because of its basic, repetitive and computerized structure, it can be produced by anyone with a computer and adequate recording software.Alienation, in Karl Marx’s words â€Å"†¦ replaces labour by machines but throws a part of the workers back to barbaric labour and turns the other part into machines. It produces culture, but also imbecility and cretinism for the worker. † Because of its complex structure and need for creativity, you cannot find any jazz songs in the best-seller list. In a globalized world we need to understand Ma rx’s ability to foresee this capitalist trend. â€Å"The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe.It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere† . This quote made me think about the country that earns the most money out of this sector, United States of America. If we look at the Turkish music industry, it is obvious that songs that are most listened to are influenced by western musical traditions. Instead of creating music that has traditional Turkish elements or composing creative music, people tend to produce this global and mainstream genre just to make money.Another reason for this sort of production is that approximately 90 percent of the recording software that Turkish producers use, such as example ‘Logic Pro’ and ‘Cubase’ are made in USA. These software don’t let you use microtonal notes and scales that Turkish music has. In order to produce a digital song, your composition should be in Western structure. The quote â€Å"The external character of labour for the worker shows itself in the fact that it is not his own but someone else’s, that does not belong to him†(Ibid. ) pertains perfectly to this phenomenon.Lisiunia Romenienko wrote in his article that this transformation of IT and related technology ‘has had a diametrical effect in music’. For him â€Å"Computer technology has actually unified fragmented communities involved in techno music production, increased the quality of manufactured goods available to produce techno music, and facilitated cooperation across artistic and technological community factions†¦ This has resulted in comprehensive collaboration arrangements and prolific works of music production, thus optimizing aesthetic potential and maximizing opportunities for human creativity. In contrast to his opinions I think that this transformation creates ali enation in music industry thus limiting creativity. This change causes musicians in developing countries to imitate mainstream artists in order to join the global competition. People evaluate success based on how much money one is making. In order to be a part of this competition, you have be successful, therefore musicians now create basic, pre-structured, mediocre music that affects a huge part of the society.By linking the modern capitalist society, specifically the Turkish music industry to Marx’s thoughts on alienation, one can expose crucial elements of contemporary issues. His explanations on externalization of labour and alienation in the act of production can be used to describe how musicians are alienated in our modern society. It is clear to me that this trend of globalization and mass marketing limits creativity and individuality in music, resulting in mediocre, similar and low quality works, which are devoid of color and taste. Bibliography 1. Istatistikler. â₠¬  Muyap. N. p. , n. d. Web. Oct. 2012. . 2. Romanienko, Lisiunia 2001, â€Å"Disputing Marxian Alienation and Hegelian Dialectics Through The Elective Affinities Of Techno Music† in No Walls Leicester, UK: De Montfort University 2001 3. â€Å"Billboard 200. † Billboard. N. p. , n. d. Web. Oct. 2012. . 4. Kivisto, Peter. â€Å"Alienated Labor. † Social Theory: Roots and Branches. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 6-9. Print. 5. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. â€Å"Chapter 1. † Manifesto of the Communist Party. Peking: Foreign Languages, 1965. N. pag. Print.

Alternative Sources Of Energy

Alternative Sources Of Energy Bio-fuels are formed from biomass, normally plants seeds, and liquid bio fuels can be use for transportation. We are one of the world’s leading distributors of bio fuels and we are developing enhanced bio fuels that could see CO2 reductions and a sustainable alternative fuel source. The two main forms of bio fuel today are ethanol and FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters), which have largely relied on food crops such as wheat or sugar cane as their source. We are working to find a source material that does not compete with food crops, to develop a conversion process that will produce low CO2, and to produce efficient fuels. Our bio fuels research includes finding alternative feedstocks. We are looking into finding tough new enzymes to break down the cellulose in plants such as straw. Algae have potential as a sustainable source of vegetable oil that could be used for the production of bio fuel for diesel engines. It is early days but algae hold promise, as they grow rapidly and c an be cultivated in ponds of seawater and minimise the use of fertile land and fresh water. Alternative Energy The world has plenty of potential renewable energy sources, but each has its own technical challenges. Scientists are working to develop alternative energy sources that are sustainable, clean and convenient. Fossil fuels are expected to remain the world’s main source of energy for decades to come but sustainable, clean and convenient energy sources will also be needed in the mix. Today’s most widespread biofuel, ethanol, is commonly made from starchy or sugary plants. Hydrogen is seen by many as â€Å"the fuel of the future†, but it still has a long way to go. It is an energy carrier, in the same way as electricity, and so must be produced from another substance. Most commonly, hydrogen is produced using steam that reacts with methane and converts it into hydrogen and carbon. It can also be produced from water through electrolysis. The hydrogen can then be stored and converted to energy via hydrogen fuel cells, now available for cars. In hydrogen fuel cell vehicles a chemical reaction inside the fuel cell – usually between hydrogen and oxygen – creates electricity for the motor and the only resulting exhaust pipe emission is water vapour. We are learning as much as possible about hydrogen refuelling and how to meet future customer needs. We are involved in research and demonstration projects and have already opened a cluster of commercial hydrogen filling stations. biomass Biomass is any plant derived organic matter available on a renewable basis, including dedicated energy crops and trees, agricultural food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes and residues, aquatic plants etc. The energy in biomass can be harnessed in waste-to-energy plants or cogeneration plants. Waste-to-Energy Plants All incinerable waste not recovered, reused or recycled is sent for incineration at the waste-to-ener gy plants operated by the National Environment Agency. The combustion of municipal waste including renewables in the waste produce heat,

Service Product Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Service Product Marketing - Essay Example To assist with process of analysing this statement, definitions of experience, services and goods are set out below. There are of course variations of the definitions available to describe experiences, services and goods. Another consideration is the relationship between experiences, services and goods plus whether each is clearly distinctive from the other especially if one considers how closely related they are to each other. Where it has been considered relevant political or economic backgrounds have been included to give this work greater depth. Experiences are what people have felt or feel when they use goods and services providing the basis for future purchases and behaviour. Providing good experiences can be the key to commercial success. People can buy goods and services because they want to do so or because they have to. The portrayal that some goods and services can provide certain kinds of experiences can make people think need rather than just want goods and services (Ison, 2000, p.48). Economists used to concentrate almost exclusively on the economic experiences of companies and manufacturers rather than the experiences of the consumers of services and goods. It was generally believed that the experiences of companies were distinct from any services and goods that they offered. However the economic experiences of firms should be analysed to make the delivery of services and goods more effective and cheaper to provide. The link between using experiences to lower costs and pass on the savings to customers in the form of lower prices was appreciated by aircraft and car makers during the 1920s, and if Henry Ford’s adoption of mass production method is taken into account earlier than that. In other words it is a different slant on the theories relating to economies of scale (Schnaars, 1998, p. 45). More recently economists, market researchers and

Euro RSCG Worldwide Named Largest Global Advertising Agency Essay

Euro RSCG Worldwide Named Largest Global Advertising Agency - Essay Example One of the main objectives, it seems, of advertisers is to create a positive brand image by making one product stand out from other competing products. In local markets, buyers are going to have their own experience-based perceptions about a particular brand. For example, if many owners in a local European market have had poor experiences with quality when buying a Volvo, it is likely that the brand will not sell well in this market. Senior level managers, from the professional level, must understand whether or not these negative (or sometimes positive) perceptions exist and work to undo this damage using clever advertising tactics. Essentially, the senior level adman/adwoman must know their market environments and be ready with advertising tactics which will give the best image to the particular product brand. This is especially true when advertising globally because each region will have different feelings about products, due to the fact that brand reputation and consumer perceptio ns will determine the ability to sell products and remain profitable. Another professional trait is to understand the financial aspects of the advertising objectives so as to measure, successfully, whether a particular advertising campaign is meeting with success or failure. At the highest levels of an advertising organisation, there is going to be the need to understand whether or not to allow higher budgets for advertising or whether to cut in certain areas in order to remain profitable. One publication identifies that expenditures in advertising need to be routinely considered to ensure that monies are not being wasted on fruitless and ineffective advertising for products (slideshare.net, 2008). This would mean having a strong understanding of how to comprehend different sales reports and balance sheets (from an accounting perspective), in order to provide the best budget for the particular brand or products. Once again, because there

Israeli Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Israeli Economy - Essay Example This study will focus on the ethnic considerations in regards to the economy of the Israeli state as well as the Jewish state/Israeli nation discourse that accompanies it. The role of religion in economy will also be discussed. The approach of this study will be through first providing a brief background on the historical ethnic composition in regards to Ashkenazi and Sephardis and then detailing the historical and contemporary perspectives of the issues in question before concluding with a look at how Post-Zionism may respond to the issues addressed in the essay. Ethnic Background on Israel (Ashkenazi/Sephardi) Tsur (231) discusses the distribution of Jews in the pre-Zionist era, stating that Jews could be viewed geographically as European (residing in Europe) or Afro-Asian (residing in North Africa and Asia especially in the Middle East). With this categories established, it is then observed that the Zionist migration into Palestine at the time of establishment of the Israeli state (1948) was heavily inclined towards European Jewry with majority of the immigrants streaming in from Eastern Europe in comparison to those from North Africa and the Middle East. This pre-Zionist categorization spawned the major ethnic classification Ashkenazi and Sephardi that have later characterized the socio-economic and political landscape of Israel. Although it is difficult to define Jewry, the Ashkenazi Jews are the ones who originated from European nations. Originally, Ashkenazi referred to Jews from Germany who had settled in Eastern Europe and spoke Yiddish. Sephardi, on the other hand, referred to Jews from the Iberian Peninsula who had also settled in the Ottoman Empire. The two nuclei origins of Jews later incorporated other Jews, with those from Eastern Europe and later from America ascribing with Ashkenazi while those from Islamic North African and Middle East countries identified with the Sephardi (Tsur, 232; Dowty 1-3). Hence, the Zionist migration largely featured Ashkenazi Jews, with the changes all aspects of the Israeli society following showing elements of the two ethnic inclinations as is the subject of the rest of this discussion. Historical Perspectives on Ethnic Economic Considerations Kaplan notes that the immigrants from Asia and Africa (the Sephardi), generally began their lives in the new state at significant socio-economic disadvantage as compared to the dominant Ashkenazi population. While the most of the Ashkenazi seized the numerous opportunities in the working and middle class levels due to possession of marketable skills, advancement in education and considerable favour from the authorities, the Sephardi had to make do with low income jobs and settled in marginal neighbourhoods and settlements that were largely economically non-stimulating. Kaplan also indicates that economic inequality was further compounded in the entire first generation of Ashkenazi and Sephardi born in the state of Israel as the Sephardi traditionally ha d larger families which strained the already limited resources available. The manifestation of this ethnic disparity in historical economic terms can be seen in the statistics available on incomes, distribution of occupation and education before 1975. By 1956-1957, the Sephardi averagely earned 73% of what the Ashkenazi earned increasing to 82% by 1975. When the large Sephardi families are taken

The History on my Japanese Dish Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History on my Japanese Dish - Research Paper Example uch as French fries or French rolls, bacons and hamburgers as uniquely American or English, pizza, spaghetti or pepperoni cheese as Italian and so it is with the Japanese, with their food. History of chopsticks – Asian culinary culture and history is closely intertwined with the development and spread of chopsticks. These so-called sticks are actually two pieces that are about 9-10 inches in length and rectangular in shape, used to pick up small pieces of food. These first originated in China some 5,000 years ago and most probably was invented by the people who first used branch twigs to pick out hot food from a pot, since they cannot wait any longer for cooked food to cool down a bit (must have been really hungry already!). Using the chopsticks requires a degree of manual dexterity, as food could easily fall off or slide down in the process of picking it up and putting it into the mouth. Eating using chopsticks means to eat from a bowl because it cannot possibly be used to handle soups, so the bowl makes it easier to just gulp down the soup or any liquid while using the chopsticks to scrape for solid tidbits. Japanese chopsticks – the Japanese are an enterprising and innovative people. They are quick learners too, and adopted the chopsticks from the Chinese, like the Koreans and the other Asian nations or cultures such as the Vietnamese and Malaysians of Chinese descent. In Japan, their chopsticks are round in shape instead of rectangular, and the lower ends are now pointed or tapered instead of being flat or blunt. Chopsticks as used in Japan are associated in their religious ceremonies and the so-called fine art of dining, together with the tea ceremony. Eating in Japan is not merely for the sake of eating to assuage hunger pangs but rather a very elaborate affair, designed to prolong the gustatory delight of savoring delicious food. Chinese chopsticks were like tweezers, as they were joined at the top but this reduces flexibility as it is being used.

Background history of Facebook and the expected future Essay - 1

Background history of Facebook and the expected future - Essay Example Its main competitors are Twitter, Google+, IGLOO, LinkedIn, Bebo and many others. Its subsidiaries are Instagram, WhatsApp and Oculus VR. In 2013, it posted $7, 872,000,000 in revenues, a 55% growth. Its founders are Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes (Facebook, 2014). Mark Zuckerberg serves as the chairman and the CEO of the company. Sheryl Sandberg serves as the chief operating officer, David Ebersman as the Chief Financial Officer and Mike Schroepfer as the Chief Technology Officer, Bret Taylor as Chief Technology Officer. Its Board of Directors is made up of Marc Andreessen, Erskine B. Bowles, Susan Desmond-Hellmann, Donald E. Graham, Reed Hastings, Peter A. Thiel. Changes involve Chamath Palihapitiya, former AOL executive joined to take over marketing, Van Natta left as the chief revenue officer, Mike Murphy, become the chief revenue officer and Matt Cohler promoted to vice president of product management (Facebook, 2014). SWOT is a structured method of planning that analyses a company’s Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and weaknesses. (Humphrey, 2005) Several factors (Opportunities) have placed Facebook at an advantage over others. Such factors are its ongoing expansion to the Chinese market, its diversification of its sources of income and how it has been tapping into advertising for income (this forms its major source of income), its tremendous increase in the number of its mobile users to 600 million, opening of the Facebook marketplace making it able to earn more revenues (and this is made possible because of its many users and wide coverage). It has also invested a lot of money in its marketing making it well known than other social networks, it’s ability to show the consumer behavior for businesses thus providing an analysis that aids decision making, enables businesses to collect user data through polls and surveys which could otherwise have

Treating Juvenile as adults Affects the Community Essay

Treating Juvenile as adults Affects the Community - Essay Example First, the safety of the New York community deteriorates significantly when courts treat children as adults for their alleged crimes (Schneiderman, 2015). Study findings released by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice in 2006 found out that public safety was at risk when courts tried youths as adults, and especially when these youths were found guilty and jailed (Jordan, 2014). Trying and ruling juvenile as grownups threatens the welfare and security of these children. In New York, delinquents tried as adults were discovered to be more prone to breaking the law again or behaving violently. This means New York youths tried this way were more likely to go back to jail at substantially higher rates than those tried as juveniles. The release of such youths back into the new York community after serving their term endangers the community. Secondly, the community suffers a reduction in white-collar employees or applicants as previously convicted youths do not quality for white-collar jobs with a criminal record (Goidel et al., 2006). Youths tried as adults are forced to carry this mark for life, which makes it hard for them to build their lives academically, professionally, and even socially. The physical and often psychological health of such youths is ruined practically. The outcome of a lifelong criminal record can include substantial limits to higher learning and employment, likely deportation, and the deprivation of housing privileges (Schneiderman, 2015). New York’s economy suffers from this outcome as such people do not contribute as much to the community’s progress as they ought to or would. Thirdly, ethnic groups, neighborhoods, or communities from which youths tried as adults come from will be affected by such trying more than others will (Jordan, 2014). This is because law enforcement is more probable to target such communities on statistical and legal basis and proof. Eventually, the treatment

Are No-Suicide Contracts Effective in Nursing Practice Essay

Are No-Suicide Contracts Effective in Nursing Practice - Essay Example There are different thoughts in a patient’s head and psychologically the act provides the patient with a different mindset. In a sense, it assists in the fuelling positive thoughts in a patient. The no-suicide act also provides patients with a means of attaining assistance. Many patients suffer from severe emotional stress and they are unsure of what to do with their lives. The act provides the patients with reasonable steps they can take when they begin to feel suicidal. The use of the suicide act hinders different interventions as much faith may be placed on this method. Many studies state that nurses become less competent in the presence of a no-suicide contract. As the nurses are reluctant to implement other approaches, they may overlook obvious and much better intervention methods Apart from being able to detect early suicidal warning signs, the nurse should also be able to detect warning signs in the patient’s history (depression, drug abuse, recent divorce or unemployment, psychiatric disorders). The nurse should refer the patient to psychiatric department if he or she detects warning signs of suicide (verbalization- â€Å"I can’t live like this any longer†; reckless behavior; giving away valued possessions and abuse of narcotics) 8. Please develop 3 nursing interventions for the patient’s plan of care that are each directly related to the identified nursing diagnoses. Please include a rationale for each nursing intervention. Establishment of a therapeutic relationship with the patient. The nurse must be fully aware of the patient’s condition in order to understand the history of the problems and the different approaches taken in the past. The nurse must also understand the patient and his or her attitudes towards the current situation. Validation of the patient’s thoughts towards his or her condition. This is useful in establishing the relationship between the nurse and patient. It also assures the client that the

The Internet and its Impact on Society Essay Example for Free

The Internet and its Impact on Society Essay The internet has its roots in the space program. When the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite, President Eisenhower formed the Advanced Research Projects Agency. (ARPA). The mission of this agency was to assist the dominance of the United States in technology that would assist the military. By 1968, packets had been developed to facilitate data transfer. These packets are hard to intercept and decode, since the total message is split up among many packets. These packets could travel several different routes, so if one route became unavailable, possibly from a nuclear attack, then the message could still reach its destination via another route. This technology was named Packet Switching Networking (Marsh 2007, p. 1). In 1969 the Department of Defense formed ARPANET. The purpose of this network was to research the upcoming possibilities. The first node was located at the University of California – Los Angeles, with nodes installed shortly afterward at Stanford, the University of California – Santa Barbara, and at the University of Utah. Thus in 1969, there were a total of four nodes on this network. This is considered the birth of the internet (Marsh 2007, p. 2). The 1970s was a landmark decade for the internet. Email was first created in 1971. By now, there were 15 nodes and 23 hosts on the ARPANET. In 1973, the first international node was established on ARPANET at the University College of London. Both Ethernet protocols and File Transfer Protocols (FTP) were developed. The commercial version of ARPANET, named Telenet, was placed in operation in 1974 as the first packet service for the public. In 1975, Queen Elizabeth sent her first Email (Marsh 2007, p. 3). By 1984, there were over 1,000 hosts on the internet. The concept of the Domain Server Name (DNS) was introduced, so that instead of a series of numbers, the user could remember a name of the host. The number of hosts exploded in the late 1980s. By 1986, there were 5,000   hosts. The number increased to 280,000 in 1987 and 100,000 in 1989. In 1991 CERN released the World Wide Web (WWW), and by 1993 the number of hosts had increased to 2,000,000 (Marsh 2007, p. 3). Commercialization of the internet began in the mid 1990s. Shopping malls, the US Senate and House of Representatives, and banks had all joined the internet revolution. By 1997 there were 19.5 million hosts and over 1 million WWW sites (Marsh 2007, p. 7). This extremely rapid growth was at times unregulated. Indeed, the growth outpaced society’s ability to deal with the impact that this technology was going to have. For all the benefit that the information age has provided, there are just as many pitfalls. The dominance of this one technological beast in the world today has made the globe much smaller than aviation ever did. The continued expansion of the internet has brought to the forefront many different ethical questions. These can be grouped into some fairly broad categories. First, there is the criminal element that utilizes the internet for criminal profiteering, exploitation, and hacking. Second, the extreme amount of information available makes research both easier and easily subject to dishonesty. Plagiarism has always been an issue in the academic world. Now with virtually millions of academic articles available at a keystroke, it has never been easier. Thirdly, Corporate America has utilized the internet for bulk mailing, unwanted pop-up advertisements, and other basically annoying retail behavior. They also utilize the internet for corporate spying, invasive employee monitoring, and other questionable activities. Lastly, the internet has provided an environment for pornography, intimate contact, and other ethically questionable behavior. The criminal element of our society has latched onto the internet. With thousands of transactions posted through the internet each hour, identity theft is common. In identity theft, the   perpetrator steals the identity in order to commit some other crime. Most often, this new crime is fraud. The criminal either intercepts the information or, more likely, convinces the individual to provide the information through the email. If the criminal is disguised as a legitimate business, then the activity is called Phishing. The criminal will take the personal information he has received and either open new credit card and other transaction accounts or simply steal out of the account numbers he has received from the unsuspecting victim. The victim may not even realize the theft occurred for months (Arnold 2000, p. 1-8). While identity theft is a property crime, other criminals use the internet to prey on children. The will communicate with younger children in chat rooms, often posing as a child themselves. Commonly, these pedophiles will attempt to lure these children into meeting them somewhere, like the mall. When they meet the children, they then have the opportunity to molest, kidnap, or otherwise harm them. Hacking was seen at one time as harmless fun. Now hackers can cause thousands of dollars worth of damage including lost income, cost to fix the damage done, and loss of customers. Infected computers cause havoc all over the network. Hackers are prosecuted when they are caught, but the methods that they use make identification difficult. There are no easy solutions to the criminal use of the internet. The best defense against identity theft is education. Educating the public on why they should not give there password, social security numbers, and addresses to those they do not know is a start. There are already laws against this. Better and more public enforcement may have an effect. Encryption of data being transmitted over the internet is another way to secure it. This is already being done by the financial institutions and the government, but other businesses could improve their security by encrypting all personal data. Protecting children against internet predators is best done through educating the parents on the use and control of the internet. In our society today, children are left to there own devices more than they were a generation ago. Parents must monitor their children’s use of the internet. Blocking software is available that will prevent children from accessing dangerous areas. Hackers will always be a part of the internet scene. Virus software, like Norton, helps. Again, education is the key. Internet users should only download from trusted sources. Better education on email use is also needed. If no one opened email they did not recognize, computer viruses, phishing, and other scams would be severely reduced. The scholastic integrity has suffered because of the amount of downloadable information and misinformation that is available. Plagiarism has been an issue since universities opened. Now, however, it is everywhere. Students can easily download someone else’s work and claim it as their own. Researches can claim ownership of other people’s research. The detection and prevention of plagiarism is a major issue for higher education. Like internet crime, there is no real absolute solution for plagiarism. Universities have instigated severe penalties, including expulsion, for those who are caught. This type of deterrence will have some effect. Web sites such as www.turnitin.com offer plagiarism detection. If students know that their papers will be checked, they are going to be less likely to commit the act. However, nothing is going to prevent some plagiarism. Education, again, would be beneficial to those who commit unintentional plagiarism, but for those who knowingly do it when they know the risks, education is not going to have an effect. Bulk emailing, or spam, is a very large issue. Corporate America spends lots of money both generating and preventing spam emails. These are a problem because they can tie up server resources, Ethernet gateways, and personal computers. Spam can also harbor viruses that can damage computer systems. Pop-up ads are not only intrusive, they can be damaging. Ads from competitors can appear, without the original business owner’s knowledge, on commercial websites. An example would be a Chevy ad popping up while a person was browsing a ford web site. These ads may be displayed hours later. Along with this, these companies will store files on the user’s hard drive, sometimes without their knowledge, to track what web sites they browse. Tighter regulation on corporate behavior is needed. Unfortunately, the individual states have little they can due since the vast majority of internet traffic crosses state boundaries. Therefore, this type of regulation must come from the Federal Government. Regulations requiring business to notify the user before they store a file on their computer, regulating trespassing pop-up ads, and regulating unwanted Spam are either needed or the enforcement must be better. The issue of pornography is an old one. With the internet, porn is easily accessible. With the free speech guarantees that we enjoy, adult pornography is hard to regulate. Even public libraries have had to face the free speech vs. good for society issue. Like other internet issues, there are no sure answers. Software and hardware that regulates what sites are visited is one way to attempt to keep adult sites in the hands of adults only. But just like â€Å"R† rated movies, kids will find a way to â€Å"sneak in†. The internet has changed our society and has shrunk the world. It happened faster than our society was able to cope. Now we stand in awe looking into a world that we indeed created that has to a real extent got out of hand. The only way to control this monster is through education, enforcement of laws, and stiffer penalties for those who violate these laws. References Arnold, Tom. (2000). Internet Identity Theft. Software Industry Association Marsh, David (2007). History of the Internet. Retrieved June 2, 2007 from NetValley Web site: http://www.netvalley.com/archives/mirrors/davemarsh-timeline-1.htm

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis The food is a highly complex nature which consisted organic and inorganic components. It is undeniable that Gas Chromatography (GC) has many usage and application. It is also noted that gas chromatography has a wide range of applications especially in the food aspect analysis which includes composition of food, components of aroma and flavor, food additives, natural products etc. The aim of this section is to provide an overview of gas chromatography mass spectrometry in food analysis due to the arising of awareness on nutrition and health concern. Review in Journal of Food Science: Comparison of the Flavor Chemistry and Flavor Stability of Mozzarella and Cheddar Wheys The stability of flavor of fresh and stored liquid Cheddar and Mozzarella wheys are being compared. The flavors profiling is being run by sensory analysis whereas extraction of volatile components are followed by characterization by solvent extraction. This is continued with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The application of this research is for further understanding of the flavor of the raw materials which will greatly help manufacturers to have optimization of quality by identifying the methods. Application Gas chromatography modeled 690N Agilent was used with 5973 inert mass detector (MSD) for the analysis of the extraction of solvents. Fused silica capillary column as sued for the separation which is Rtx-5ms 30-m length Ãâ€" 0.25-mm inner dia Ãâ€" 0.25- µm df . 1ml/min of a constant flow rate of helium is used. Besides, the temperature of the oven was set beginning at 40 ºC for 3min, increased of 10 ºC /min until 90 ºC, then 5 ºC/min to 200 ºC and holding time of 10 min, continued with an increase of 20 ºC/min, finally with 250 ºC and a holding time with 10min. The inert mass selector detector held for 3 min for the solvent delay and parameters was scanned by inert mass selector detection which was set from 35 to 300 m/z. 2 µL of each extract was injected in the splitless mode. The samples were duplicated for duplication analyses for further accuracy. The 2 main whey types of Cheddar and Mozzarella differences were the intensity of the compounds which based on an increased or decreased after storage by fat separation. Based on the results, it is known that the fat separation resulted in decreased concentration of lipid oxidation products by Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. It is concluded that flavor profiles of the 2 types of samples were different from each other and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy volatile recorded the differences between the selected volatile compounds in each whey sample. The objective was fulfilled as it is proven that Cheddar whey is more easily to undergo oxidation than Mozzarella whey. Review in Journal of Food Science: Sensory and Physiochemical Characterization of Juices Made with Pomegranate and Blueberries, Blackberries or Raspberries The study of quality parameters of 1 commercial pomegranate juice mixed with different 5 concentration of blueberry, blackberry or raspberry juices. Solid phase microextraction – gas chromatography mass spectroscopy was used for the determination of volatile components which present in the mixtures in order to perceive the differences of aroma of the juices. The relationship between consumers and instrumental data was studied for the determination of innovation of designed juices by conducting a consumer study. This application of this research is to help juice industry to further understand the consumer’s preferences for the blended juices of pomegranate. Application Gas chromatography mass spectrometry modeled GC CP3800 Varian was used for the separation, identification, and qualification of the volatile components of the mixtures. The analytes was injected to the injection port of the gas chromatography at 250 º C during splitless mode of 5 min. The gas chromatography mass spectroscopy used RTx-5MS column , 30 m Ãâ€" 0.25mm Ãâ€" 0.25 µm film thickness which composed of 5% dephenil/ 95% dimethyl polisiloxane. Then, the temperature of the column was set beginning at 40 º C and was increased 280 º C at 8 ºC/ min with a holding time of 10 min. The components identified in the mixtures used Kovats indices and mass spectra analytical methods. There are 40 volatile compounds found in the juices. The most common compounds in the 3 berry juices were ethyl acetate, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal and linalool. In the nutshell, it is found out that blueberry juice is preferred by consumers with the mixtures of pomegranate juice. Review in Journal of Food Science Iron-Lactoferrin Complex Reduces Iron –Catalyzed Off –flavour Formation in Powdered Milk with Added Fish Oil Iron-lactoferrin complex is beneficial for dietary iron supplement but the effect has not been reported that iron-catalyzed off flavors in food products contained lipids. Therefore, the effects of iron-lactoferrin on off flavors were studied with the additional of fish oil. Compounds which have undergone oxidation such as pentanal, hexanal, heptanal etc were less developed in the powdered milk that contained iron-lactoferrin rather in iron(II) sulphate. The application of this research results proves and shows that iron-lactoferrin complex is beneficial for continuous fortification of foods with iron and fish oils. This is because there is a reduction of the formation of iron catalyzed off flavors in powdered milk fortified with fish oil. Application Gas Chromatography modeled 6890 Agilent with a mass selective detector of 5973 Agilent were used to performed analysis of volatile headspace compounds from the sample. The separations of volatiles were separated on DB-5 capillary column with measurement of 0.32mm i.d. Ãâ€" 60m, 0.52 µm of film thickness in the operations with a constant flow of 2.4mL/min. As for the temperature, it was set initially at 37 º C was increased to 190 º C, at rate of 4 º C/min and then to 280 º C at 40 ºC/min which the holding time is 8 min. In conclusion, iron-lactoferrin was proven by the measurements of headspace gas chromatography mass spectroscopy reduce the oxidation of flavor and metallic taste of powder milk enriched with fish oil during storage and processing. Review in Journal of Food Science Comprehensive Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils It had been known the unique ability of essential oils was studied due to their special properties that act as antioxidants. The 20 samples with oil that have EC50, which is less than 300 µg/mL were analyzed by gas spectrometry mass spectrometry and many more. The application of the founded results will enhance the understanding of spices which contains essential oil may inhibit the oxidative damage, lipid oxidation and increase the level of antioxidant activity of the product. Application Gas chromatography modeled 580A Hewlett Packard Series II were used to analyze the essential oil with mass selective detector and autosampler. The column used with a measurement of 30m, 0.25mmID with 0.5 µm film thickness at the constant flow rate of 1.0mL/min and pressure of 20.0 psi. The temperature injector is 250 º C, the beginning of oven temperature was 120 º C and was increased to 10.0  º C/min to 180 º C. Once the temperature reached 180 º C and rate was changed to 3.0 º C/min till the temperature reached 240 º C and holding time was 5 min. The total run time was 31.0 min. After running gas chromatography mass spectrometry, the chemical compounds in relation to antioxidant activities were known. It is based on the retention indices, co-chromatography with standards etc. The analysis of gas chromatography mass spectrometry also shows basil oils that are rich in linalool and geraniol. The confirmation of the indication of phenolic terpenes in antioxidant oil was also done. It can be concluded that phenolic terpenes is the major contribution to the most effective oils. Furthermore, several sesquoterpens are shown to have the ability to scavage free radicals. . Review in Journal of Food Science Change of Volatile Compounds in Fresh Fish Meat during Ice Storage This study is to determine the changes of volatile compound in fresh fish such as sardine, jack mackerel, bluefin tuna etc. during 3-4 d of ice storage by using headspace solid phase micro extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Based on the result, it is revealed that there is an increased of aldehyde and alcohols in jack mackerel and chub mackerel followed by skipjack and red seabream during storage. The purpose of this research is to study the results to apply in inhibiting fishy off-flavor products. It is the lipid oxidation that change the fresh fish flavor so it is crucial for the prevention of oxidation of lipid. Application Modeled Turbo Mass system Perkin Elmer was used to analyze the extracted volatile compounds. The column used for separation with a measurement of 60m Ãâ€" 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25  µm film thickness. Preheating the column to 40 ° C and it was increased to 260 ° C at 5 ° C /min. The carrier gas used was helium with a constant head pressure at 20 psi. Moreover, the temperature of the injector is 250 ° C and splitless mode is change to split mode (50:1) at 0.3 min after the injection. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry identified 32 compounds of the red and white flesh fish and shows no apparent peaks during storage. The detection of the volatile compounds dependent of the storage time. Therefore, the various changes on the fish flavors might be depending on the content of lipids, lipoxygenase activity and fish’s redox potential. (Taiko Miyasaki, 2011) (Hiroshi M. Ueno, 2012) (I.W. Liaw, 2011) (Laura Vazquez-Araujio, 2010) (Kevin P. Anthony, 2012) Bibliography Hiroshi M. Ueno, M. S. (2012). Iron-Lactoferrin Complex Reduces Iron- Catalyzed Off-flavor Formation in Powdered Milk with Added Fish Oil. Journal of Food Science, C853-C858. I.W. Liaw, R. E. (2011). Comparison of the Flavor Chemistry and Flabvor Stabiliy of Mozzarella and Cheddar Wheys. Journal of Food Scince, C1188-C1194. Kevin P. Anthony, S. D.-S. (2012). Comprehensive Assessment of Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils. Journal of Food Science, C839-C843. Laura Vazquez-Araujio, E. C.-B. (2010). Sensory and Physicochemical Chracterization of Juices Made with Pomegranate and Blueberries, Blackberries, or Raspberries. Journal of Food Science, S398-S404. Taiko Miyasaki, M. H. (2011). Change of Volatile Compounds in Fresh Fish Meat during Ice Storage . Journal of Food Science, C1319-C1325.

The History Of The Galapagos Islands

The History Of The Galapagos Islands Geographically, the Galapagos Islands belong to The Equator, and are situated on the Pacific Ocean near Central America. Its an archipelago composed of 41 volcanic islands. The islands have a population of slightly over 30,000 inhabitants. Historically, the Galapagos Islands were officially discovered by the bishop of Panama, Tomas de Berlanga in 1535. Until the 17th century, the islands are used as a natural water tank and food. What people can find is not only drinking water but also animals in particular tortoises. Unfortunately, lots of animals were used as food and some species were killed off definitely. In 1835, Charles Darwin explored the archipelago. Surprised by the specific fauna of the islands, he studied particularly the geology and the biology on the islands. Thanks to his observations made, he published his first study on the origin of species and the natural selection. Between the 1920s and the 1930s, a wave of European settlers arrived in the islands. By 1934, laws on the protection of the archipelago were promulgated. However, because of the World War Two, some species were exterminated. The archipelago officially became a National Park in 1959. At that period, Darwin foundation was created in order to get funds for the conservation of the islands. Tourism started toward the end of the 1960s. Today, thousands of millions of people visit the Galapagos Islands each year. They are the first site in the world that became a listed UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. Furthermore, in 2007, UNESCO put the Galapagos Islands on the list of WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER because of the environment threats (mass tourism, overfishing, invasive species). In 2010, they have been removed from this list thanks to the significant progress made by Ecuador. The question that could be asked: what role has tourism played on the Galapagos islands? This study on the Galapagos Islands is divided into three main points. First of all, it will be focusing on the impact of tourism, positive as well as negative, on the islands. Then, it will talk about the management of tourism in that protected area. To finish, it will be discussing the role of eco-tourism in the Galapagos Islands. The Galapagos Islands, where Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution, are at risk of being ruined by tourists. Indeed, animals are disrupted by large numbers of tourist abandoning their babies and eggs including the famous giant tortoises. Its a disaster for all fauna on the Galapagos Islands but as well a real risk for the flora. There are so many species on the islands and in the surrounding waters that are now considered critically endangered, while another ninety have been officially declared as vulnerable. In the last five years, more than 100 new plants species have been introduced. Some species of the giant tortoise and the Galapagos mouse have disappeared completely. When visitors are coming to the island they bring with them spores or insects, which can be dangerous for native species. For example, they brought the mosquito of Malaria, who can kill many birds. People are thinking that the Island isnt disfigured by the impact of mass tourism but this is the saddening observation of the latest years. Facts are here and nobody can do anything now. The damage is done. The Galapagos need tourism but in the same time, tourists are damaging the Islands. Tourists need services such as hotels and resorts. They want the same thing they can find everywhere with the Galapagos landscape. They ask for tourist information centres and guides on the islands. These demands are creating a large part of employment on the island. They need transport and airport, which has required the setting up of many buildings. The land used to be a magnificent forest and its now transforming in small urban areas like everywhere in South America. The Galapagos were concreted like Benidorm in Spain. The concrete spoiled the Spanishs East coast. For example forty years ago, people could go only by local supplies boat, but today there are up to 5 flights a day or cruise ship. The government decided to create a highway all around the main island. After a few years of intense urbanism, traffic congestion and a high density of people coming to the tourist attractions, tense relationships took place with local people. Finally in 1997, after years of governmental mismanagement, crucial decisions were made. UNESCO and all the actors of the Galapagos political life decided to create several laws to calm down tensions on the archipelago. They gave priority to the preservation of the ecological system and the biodiversity. The sustainable development on the islands has been one of the most important points of the law. Rising the standard of living for local inhabitants has been implemented. Integrated managements resources have been created to help people. The main goal of this driving change and law was set up to favour a peaceful climate on the Galapagos Islands. We know that a good political situation is essential for the tourism industry. Locals and tourists have to progress a great deal together. In the same environment, they have to live together and change their mind. Thats the real impact of tourism in The Galapagos Island. The development of tourism in the Galapagos Islands has caused numerous changes both on the economic and on the environmental point of view. Over the years, the impact of tourism has become increasingly one of the main preoccupations on the future of the archipelago. The popularity of the Galapagos Islands attracts lots of tourists. However, this massive influx of visitors is presently a threat to the ecosystem because some people dont have concern for our environment. Therefore, though tourism remains the main economic activity in the archipelago, the implementation of rules was necessary to manage tourism in order to ensure the preservation of the Galapagos Islands. The Galapagos National Park is the main attraction of the tourists but is submitted to strict rules. Created by the government of the Ecuador in 1959, it aimed to the preservation of wildlife from human influence. Currently, one of the main concerns is the flow of tourists within the islands. In order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, the government has set up a management system in protected areas. In 1973, the Management Plan of the Galapagos National Park fixed a limited number of tourists to the islands but over the years the number of visitors has increased. Looking at the rise of tourists, that measure wasnt efficient and so has been reviewed in 1996 focalizing more on the capacity of a site. The capacity is characterised by several parameters such as the time spent in during a visit, the area available, climateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Before their departure to the islands, visitors receive information about the conservation of the islands and are notified of the appropriate behaviour to adopt over there. Once arrived, tourists are strictly controlled; making sure everything is in accordance with regulations. During the visit, tourists are accompanied by a certified guide. Guides play an important role in park management. They have attributed a small group with a limited number of people (by boat or on the terrestrial visitor sites). Their main role is to ensure no one infringes rules and respects the wildlife. Tourists are required to stay on marked trails and are not allowed to disturb fauna and leaving trash. Guides have to pay attention to it to avoid damages on the environment. Guides have to make the tourists realise the importance of such rules by providing information on programs carried out by the Galapagos National Park in order to respect the environment. The Management Plan allows tourists to visit only at selected sites in the National Park and at a small capacity. The visit is authorised in small numbers so that the wildlife and the environment are preserved. The conservation of the islands involves all tourists; they must pay high fees before entering in protected areas. In addition, the Galapagos National Park Service manages the number of people visiting the sites by establishing a specific and fixed itinerary for ships which transports 20 customers or more. The control of tourism is done as well on land as on sea. Different standards are monitored: itineraries for visits, naturalist guides qualifications, the quota of passengersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ All these factors must be conformed to the legislation. The role of visitors is a key point in the management of tourism. Managing visitors consists in controlling the identity of each one (once arrived on the islands, tourists provide their personal information: age, nationalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Then, the monitoring is also focused on reports made by the guides about visits (number of tourists, duration of the visit). One of the main challenges for park managers would be to regulate the flow of tourists by implementing a monitoring system. Tourism in the Galapagos Islands must continue to attract visitors in terms of education, personal experience and awareness. However, it has been necessary to put some limits to regulate in an easier way the activities within the islands. At last, tourism in the islands is considered as Ecotourism. Ecotourism is defined by TIES (The International Ecotourism Society: a non-profit organisation dedicated to promoting ecotourism) as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. (TIES, 1990) The Galapagos Islands have been an ecological destination for 30 years. With hindsight, we can see the benefits of ecotourism in two major domains: environment and economy. First of all, it is clear that people need to work to live, but farming and industry have a high impact on the conservation of the environment. Therefore, Ecotourism has been a way to allow people to work while preserving and protecting the nature. This kind of tourism is educational: it teaches people how to live with and be more aware of the surrounding environmental wealth. As a fact, endangered habitats and biodiversity are conserved because both tourists and local people understand the importance of their impact on the environment. The Ecotourism has permitted tourism to continue and progress in the Galapagos Islands, even if its biodiversity is very protected, thanks to a very strict conservation policy, rules and controls. The low-impact tourism developed in the Galapagos has benefited the islands. As a matter of fact, Ecotourism provides financial motivations that encourage local people to protect the environment and work for it. On an economic point of view, Ecotourism has contributed to raising the quality of life of the natives. It enabled that money spent by tourists (around $1000 per tourist for 2 weeks, so much more than a recreational tourist) goes directly to the locals and not to international companies. This money is reinvested to both increase the standards of living and to finance the Galapagos National Park, in the way to conserve the biodiversity. Generally, in poor countries, the primary resources permit to survive (water, minerals, trees) but Ecotourism in the Galapagos Islands has provided an alternative source of incomes. Indeed, tourism expenses encourage local people to seek for a sustainable job: guide, cleaner, waiter, security, boat owner. Finally, the employment generated by the Ecotourism ensures that fewer people leave for cities. To sum up, the Galapagos Islands example shows that Ecotourism requires a very well balance between economy and environment. There is a real correlation between conservation and development in the Galapagos Islands. As a matter of fact, tourism has a significant impact on the environment, because of the entire town planning it needs, the pollution, the noise, and the constant increase in the number of tourists. To manage this, many rules have been settled to restrict that. Ecotourism was the best way to reduce the environment damages caused by the tourism while keeping an important source of revenue. However, Ecotourism should not become an important economic industry. If so, it will not be called Ecotourism any longer.

Acid Rain :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acid rain is a very big pollution problem in the world. It has killed fish and other aquatic life in many lakes and streams. It harms human health, disfigures monuments and erodes buildings, and, along with other pollutants, threatens forests. The story of acid rain can be compared to the plot of a science fiction movie. In the 1950s an invisible force begins to destroy lakes and rivers, killing trout and salmon. By the 1960s it is harming the waters of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. High-altitude forests are beginning to fade away. City statues are gradually eaten away. The appearance from the damage of the aliens is starting to appear all over. Just as in science fiction movies, the authorities refuse to warn the alarmed citizens. Also, at the last moment the scientists figure away to destroy the aliens. Unfortunately, fiction and fact falls apart at this point. There is no quick remedy that will wipe out acid rain completely. (Pringle 1-2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coal was the main fuel of many industries in the early nineteenth century. Coal contains sulfur and when burning it, it will produce sulfur dioxide. When in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide may be converted to sulfuric acid (Pringle 8). Acid rain is dispensed across the world by air currents. When attempting to fix local air pollution problems, the solutions actually added to acid rain problems on other parts of the world. High smoke stakes were developed to distribute pollutant acid-laden smoke higher in the atmosphere and spread it elsewhere (Merki 598). This was a quick remedy to a local problem, but harmed other parts of the world. Acid rain is a global problem because it more often than not, spreads over national borders instead of staying in a local spot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several causes of acidification, and various mechanisms by which it may occur. Acid rain falling on water bodies has a direct affect. In areas where soils are acidic, runoff from the soil transports acidic water, which may also contain aluminum, into lakes and rivers. Soil acidification may be caused by acid rain, but other factors may also be involved. For example, if pasture reverts to coniferous acidic runoff even though the rain itself is not acidic. Salty rain leaches acid components out of the soil and transports them to the rivers. (Rivers 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chemical content of acid rain is in itself dangerous to fish and other freshwater organisms.

Effects of CTelevision Broadcasting :: Essays Papers

Effects of CTelevision Broadcasting The television is one of the most widely known and utilized inventions of the twentieth century. As its popularity has grown, its effect on how people, especially children, view the world around them has become more prominent and recognized. â€Å"To suggest that children growing up in the 1990s live in a different world than the one their parents or grandparents experienced is not only to state the obvious, but to understate the obvious.† Increasing popularity of television between the generations is partly responsible for the changes. Television is at the center of a multimedia society. Television is especially prominent because it reaches children at a much younger age than other mediums. (Asamen 9) Television becomes a firm staple in most children’s lives a considerable amount of time before formal education begins. Children as young as six months react to television’s sights and sounds. â€Å"For young children, a major determinate of what... they view is w hat... their parents view.† This measure of coviewing decreases with age â€Å"as does the time spent with parents in other activities.† (Bryant 231) Television and Time Control It is generally recognized that television dominates a lot of children’s time, more than any other waking activity. TV watching is often paired with other activities, such as talking, reading, and studying though. The effects of television on children vary, depending on the programs watched and â€Å"when and with whom† they watch it. It also depends on how often and how much the child watches television. (Bryant 227) Research on the effect has been sparse. "Recently, some investigators have taken account of the role played by television in family as planned or default activity, as subject matter for discussion and argument, as the occasion for parental regulation and for children's assumption of increasing responsibility for controlling their own time use." The media has taken on a partial role in raising children, just as church and school did in the past. (Bryant 227) "Children's use of television is influenced by structural factors in their lives." Children who attend day care, for example, are less likely to watch large amounts of television than those who are home all day long. Other factors of how much television children watch are if they have access to all stations or a VCR, education, social class, and ethnicity. "[Researcher's] efforts to analyze family influences on viewing rest on some general assumptions about television use.

Home Confinement: An Alternative to Incarceration Essay -- Argumentati

Home Confinement: An Alternative to Incarceration      Ã‚   West Virginia state prisons have a maximum capacity of 2,154 inmates; currently they house 2,363 inmates, and more remain in City and County lockups to manage the overflow (West Virginia Blue Book). Home Confinement solves this problem. Reduction of the prison population should be reason enough to institute home confinement, but other reasons do exist. Would you like lower taxes? Home confinement costs much less than incarceration. Do you favor less crime? For certain types of criminals, home confinement has a better rehabilitation rate. Home confinement also differs from incarceration by the fact that it allows the confined person to contribute to society. For all of these reasons, minor offenders, who pose no real threat to society, should be sentenced to home confinement.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The easiest way to solve the overcrowded prison problem is, simply, not to arrest so many people. That will never happen as it cannot be justified. Another alternative, to build more prisons or add on to existing ones, will cost a great deal. Home confinement is the best solution; the offender does not take up space in prison and can hold a job or take care of familial obligation. If a prisoner is under house arrest, it seems nothing prevents him from escaping. In most cases, flight is not a viable option for the home confined. Their sentence is usually light and the re... ...se two counties realize great success with these endeavors, encouraging others to follow.       Works Cited Ball, Richard A., Huff, C. Ronald, Lilly, J. Robert. House Arrest and Correctional Policy: Doing Time at Home. California: Sage, 1988. "Good Idea, In Spades." Editorial. The Herald Dispatch 26 Sept. 1998: 6A. "Home Confinement Proves Effective in Dollars and Sense." March 1997. Available at  Ã‚     http://www.uscourts.gov/mar97ttp/homeprob.htm. McCarthy, Belinda R. Intermediate Punishments: Intensive Supervision, Home Confinement and Electronic Surveillance. New York: Criminal Justice Press, 1987. West Virginia Blue Book. Holmes, Darrel E. Ed. Charleston WV: Chapman, 1997      

How Is the Power of Dreams and Dreaming in the Novel of Mice and Men Essay

The idea of moving from one place to another, working hard and trying to raise the quality of life for you and your loved ones is known as ‘The American Dream’. Steinbeck invites us to understand how having this dream keeps them going despite the challenging life that each character faces. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck makes this ‘dream’ the main focus of the story for both the reader and characters. George’s dream is to have independence and to â€Å"go into town and get whatever I want† but most importantly he dreams of being â€Å"somebody†. On the other hand, Lennie aspires to be with George and to â€Å"tend the rabbits†. Ultimately, George and Lennie both wanted to â€Å"have a little house and couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs† however, George only tells Lennie about their dream to comfort Lennie. This is shown when Lennie says â€Å"No†¦ You tell it. It ain’t the same if I tell it. Go on†¦ George. How do I get to tend the rabbits. † It is only after they all realised that together, â€Å"this thing they never believed in was coming true† Even though the dream is very important to George as well, Steinbeck portrays Lennie as someone who wants the dream a lot more. This is shown through Lennie’s angry or upset feelings when he feels like he has done something that would jeopardise their dream. George uses this to his advantage to threaten and control Lennie by blackmailing him, â€Å"If you do, I won’t let you tend the rabbits. † Consequently, Lennie tries to please George and to gain his approval as much as possible. Another way in which Steinbeck shows the power of dreams and dreaming in the novel is through how much they want it. Steinbeck portrays each character’s desperation through their lifestyle. The dream that each character has reflects what is missing from their life. George and Crooks are both very desperate about this dream because they both want their current lives to be like their past. This is shown when, for a second, George loses track of the present and says â€Å"we’d keep a few pigeons to go flyin’ around the win’mill like they done when I was a kid† which is referring back to his childhood. Similarly, Crooks wants to return to his past. â€Å"The white kids used to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them. † This shows that Crooks used to be well respected and equal within his community. After all, Crooks â€Å"ain’t a southern negro†; however, he is not treated well at the ranch, therefore, the dream provides comfort for Crooks. Although George wants to return to his childhood, there is a deeper meaning to his dream. George wants to â€Å"just say the hell with goin’ to work† because unlike Candy, George doesn’t want to stay at the ranch too long so he would get ‘canned’. For George, the dream means that â€Å"nobody could can us† Furthermore, George doesn’t want to have to keep moving because he would â€Å"jus’ live there† and â€Å"belong there. There wouldn’t be no more runnin’ round the country and gettin’ fed by a Jap cook. † This suggests that he’ll be his own boss. A result of being a migrant worker, no one at the ranch has any friends, which is why Crooks was surprised to hear that Lennie had George. For George and Lennie, the dream of having their own land provides a stable home that will eventually gain them friends and family. On the other hand, Crooks is very pessimistic about the possibility of a dream becoming a reality because he has been segregated in the ranch for as long as he can remember. His cynicism has led him to believe â€Å"It’s just in their head. They’re all the time talkin’ about it, but it’s jus’ in their head†. This suggests that his past experiences have affected his power to dream. Steinbeck reinforces the power of dreaming within the novel, as he shows every character’s reaction when they all realise that there is a possibility of George and Lennie’s dream becoming reality. â€Å"They looked at each other, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true. Once they believed that the dream is a possibility, the tension is ramped up. Suddenly there is something to lose and something to fight for. This massively enhances the power that the dream has over each character and for a while the feeling of doom is lessened. The reader wants to know if each character can escape the curse they seem to be under and reach their goals. For Lennie and candy the dream would provide an exciting o pportunity, as both characters are not worth much in the real world. The dream would provide them a chance of appreciation. To Lennie, the dream is an antidote to disappointment and loneliness, and he often asks George to recite the description of the farm to him for comfort. Like a child, he loved the hear George telling him to â€Å"tend the rabbits† correspondingly for Candy it would make him feel more important as he can â€Å"cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some† Even though Curley’s Wife was the reason that the dream fell apart, she had big dreams to be in â€Å"pitchers† Unsatisfied by her surly husband, she constantly lurks around the barn, trying to engage the workers in conversation. However, although she may come across as very flirtatious, she only flirts with the men for attention. Which is what her dream would have provided her if she didn’t marry Curley. Shes so lonely, and so desparate for the attention of the men at the ranch that she even flirts with Lennie as she leans â€Å"closely† at him to â€Å"see if she was impressing him† To look in more detail about how Steinbeck shows the power of the dreams, take each individual character and how they all act to their dreams ending. For example, Steinbeck has made Curley very bitter after the realisation of his dreams ending when Candy’s wife is killed by Lennie. His bitterness shows how much the dream meant to him and how he needed it because he is old and disabled so he will probably get ‘canned’ soon, He shuffles out of the barn which that he has given up all hope, almost given up on life.

Cause of Cyberbullying Essay

Cyber-bullying is when a person uses the Internet in order to deliberately cause repeated harm to another individual or to embarrass them. Cyber-bullying can include threats, sexual harassment or continued unwanted contact with a person via email, social networks, forums or instant messaging. Cyber-bullies have also been known to post personal information such as phone numbers, addresses and full names on forums or other websites. Almost half of American teens have experienced cyber-bullying. In a study conducted by iSafe. rg, 42 percent of kids have been bullied at least once while online. Twenty-five percent of those kids have had this happen multiple times. One in five kids has been threatened multiple times online. Over 20 percent of kids have received threatening emails. Fifty-eight percent of kids have not told anyone about their cyber-bullying experiences. Almost half of the kids who experienced cyber-bullying had no idea of their perpetrator’s identity. Many individuals choose to cyber-bully others online because they can hide their identity. Cyber-bullies often create fake screen names, social profiles, and email addresses in order to harass and bully their victim without being recognized. This allows the bully to be free of getting into real trouble for their behavior. There can be some serious effects on the victims of cyber-bullying. Many victims have increased suicidal thoughts, fear, worry, frustration, anger, depression, becoming paranoid and a decrease in self-esteem. Sometimes a victim may even begin avoiding their friends and normal activities due to their anger and frustration. Teens often begin to do worse in their classes due to their minds not being on their school work but on their cyber-bully. The effects of cyber-bullying can, in rare cases, cause a victim to commit suicide. There have been four cases of suicides due to cyber-bullying recorded in the United States. Cyber-bullying adult victims can cause the victim to lose earnings, reputation and employment opportunities. Cyber-bullies may post the victim’s name and make up various lies about the person, defaming them. Many employment companies do a web search on a person’s name before hiring them and this may be something that they find. Children and teenagers are becoming more technologically savvy and are looking to the Internet and their cell phones for entertainment, and to social networks to meet new people who share the same interests as them. It was only a matter of time before bullying made its way to the Internet, especially through modes like MySpace and Facebook. Cyber-bullies have been making news lately with the recent deaths of children across the nation who has perished because of online bullying campaigns. Some examples of cyber-bullying include sending threatening emails, text messages or comments to another person; tricking someone into revealing private or embarrassing information and sending it to others; breaking into someone’s email or social media account and sending false messages to others while posing as this person; and creating web pages to make fun of another person. Even though the bullying doesn’t take place on a one-on-one basis, Myspace cyber-bullying and other forms of cyber-bullying still show the same effects. Rather than just being bullied while in the classroom or playground, children can be the target of cyber-bullying 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Some of the more general effects of cyber bullying include poor performance at school, depression and low self-esteem. Because cyber-bullying can take place outside of the classroom and at a more frequent rate, the child may experience more extreme cases of these effects. Cyber-bullying also can happen accidentally. The impersonal nature of text messages, IMs, and emails make it very hard to detect the sender’s tone, one teen’s joke or sense of humor could be another’s devastating insult. Nevertheless, a repeated pattern of emails, text messages, and online posts is rarely accidental. Bullying has been around for many generations and some people would say that it is just a part of growing up. If your child experiences physical threats, report it to the owners of the websites or local officials and keep a log of the bullying. As the saying goes, â€Å"What doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger. † However in today’s technologically advanced age, the death of a child is never worth it.

Ashford University Library: What does the library have to offer? Essay

Research is one of the most important parts of an individual’s academic life and proof that they have developed their academic skills and knowledge in their area of study. Ashford University Library is an amazing place where one is able to access all the materials that is needed in carrying out a research in any field of study. Conducting any kind of research requires full access to various sources that are considered to be scholarly sources that are reliable for information and data that will help in making the research credible. Using Ashford University Library for research and to access data and information from reliable sources offers an opportunity for s credible research since the library has scholarly sources as well as popular sources that can easily be accessed (Ashford University, 2013). Ashford University Library: What does the library have to offer?                The benefits of using Ashford University Library are that a researcher is able to access all data and information within the library without having to engage the services of outside sources (Gasparyan, Ayvazyan, Gorin, & Kitas, 2014). The materials and sources which are included in the portfolio of Ashford University Library are credible and reliable sources which are easy to access through the simplest search tools of the library (Ashford University, 2013). This helps in saving a lot of time when carrying out a research since all information and data is within research by simply using the search tools which include the university’s database and the Find@AU search tool that are simple and easy to use. Ashford University Library has sources which are considered scholarly and sources which are considered popular (Calkins, 2007). Scholarly sources within the library simply refers to sources which that have been published by recognized scholarly organizati ons or institutions such as universities and sources which have been sent out to other scholarly peers for an anonymous review. The sources always include journals and even books which have been published by scholarly groups, colleges or universities (Gasparyan, Ayvazyan, Gorin, & Kitas, 2014). Furthermore, in scholarly sources, the original research have been published in books and even journals, written by people who are experts in that field of study, has citations and are usually longer, having about 10 to 30 pages of research (Calkins, 2007). Popular sources on the other hand are considered to contain interesting stories, which may refer to research but do not necessarily contain the original research that was conducted. In addition, they are written by general public, they lack citations in most occasions, not peer-reviewed and they tend to be much shorter, having about 200 words to some few pages of writing (Gasparyan, Ayvazyan, Gorin, & Kitas, 2014). To make proper use of the library’s database and to know effectively and efficiently what you need for your research, it would be important to know what your research entails and what you hope to achieve with the final completed research (Ashford University, 2013). This means the thesis and the problem question to be answered by the research must be identified and clearly understood after which one will be able to know what materials to look for in the library (Calkins, 2007). The resources that fit the need for the research can be identified through the problem question and the thesis statement which will help in knowing whether the research will require use of scholarly sources or any other sources which can help in providing data for the research. Conclusion                Conducting a complete research that is satisfactory and one that can be relied on requires the use of data and information sources which are reliable. Ashford University Library provides great opportunity for conducting research since it offers a wide range of scholarly sources that can be relied on for research in any field of study. The benefits that one gets from using Ashford University Library are numerous since the sources available within the university are considered to be scholarly hence the reliability of the resources. References Ashford University, (2013), Library Services viewed from http://www.ashford.edu/student_services/library_resources.htm on 9th August 2014. Ashford University, (2013), Writing Services, viewed from https://awc.ashford.edu/research-papers-intro-to-the-online-library.html on 9th August 2014. Calkins, S. R. (2007). Evaluating Internet and Scholarly Sources Across the Disciplines: Two Case Studies. College Teaching, 55(4), 151-156. Gasparyan, A., Ayvazyan, L., Gorin, S. V., & Kitas, G. D. (2014). Upgrading instructions for authors of scholarly journals. Croatian Medical Journal, 55(3), 271-280. doi:10.3325/cmj.2014.55.271 Source document

Anthropologie

The findings in my survey highly suggest that it neither helps nor affects the brain while studying. Through the results of the survey it showed that both male and female grade averages vary from student to student and whether they listen to music or not has no relevance to their grade averages. In the results of the survey it showed that females have higher-grade averages than males in general, this may be because in our results it also showed that females often spend more time studying for test by 12. 6%. ore than males. Also the results showed that males listen to music more than females while studying by 18. 7% more. Although this survey covered all the basic questions that would be asked in the process of studying this topic it had several limitations to it. The participants that took part in this survey may not have been completely honest in their answers also it was a very limited amount of participants that took place in the questionnaire. Another limitation the survey would have could be the time period that survey was taken.Right now is tressful for teenagers with exams and work so answers could vary depending on the time period. The overall study of the topic and the survey itself is reliable because it is a valid topic to research for psychologists and sociologists. It allows them to expand on their research not only with the individual topic that is being surveyed but also an out look on how the mind ofa teenager works. It can also allow for the sociologists to visually see what the trends are for teenagers in society now and how much they are affected by it.At some points in the study it was eeing random answers on the page, then having to go and find other students to re- take the questionnaire to get proper answers. It was also stressful due to the fact of not knowing whether the students answered the questionnaire truthfully. At some points during the study it was very intimidating to walk up to random people and asking them to fill out the que stionnaire as well as having to explain to them what I'm studying and why. Conducting this study was also very enjoyable due to the fact of meeting new people and getting to see other peoples points of view of the topic.It was also very interesting seeing the results that came back from the questionnaire. If this topic were to be studied in the future, an experiment would give more reliable results because it shows the visually affect of the music on a person right there making the answers one hundred percent true, where as with a questionnaire the participants do not have to answer honestly. If another questionnaire were to be given out about this topic, there should be more descriptive questions on it as well as having a larger number of participants from each age group and gender.

Fresias Deconstruction of American History Essay

Fresias Deconstruction of American History - Essay Example Fresia's thesis examines the criterion of democracy through the nodes of different 'centres', in his case historical personalities, who produce an ideological discourse. He discovers the manner in which it affects the society and how its "spontaneous" thought processes are absorbed in the cultural set-up of a nation. What is most important to notice in his assumptions is the manner in which he cites historical back-ups to his arguments. He starts off by claiming that the Framers of the American constitution were a conglomeration of people who wanted to create a situation of power for themselves. By citing various quotes, such as Benjamin Rush, who considered the plebs as "scums", Fresia makes it clear that the original motif of these people were to create a situation where by they could carry on the legacy of dominance and pass it off by qualifying it as democracy. In doing so, he points the bloody manner in which the so-called 'sacred' American constitution came to be chartered: "Perhaps even more shocking than the personal opinions of the Framers, is the process by which the Constitution was ratified secrecy, deceit and even violence played key roles in the Constitution's passage. These unsavoury tactics were used by the Framers and their allies because the majority of the people were against the ratification of the Constitution." Fresia connects the historical facts with the contemporary American policy of elite decision-making. He points out that whenever, the interests of elites and the public interest coincide, and even if it does not, the elites tend to call the rosters. Fresia blames the policy of "unchecked corporate power" for this and goes on to elucidate the hypocrisy of these corporate-government elites, who in the name of national interest, formulates laws violating accepted standards of decency. He also explains that these covert and anti-democratic measures are not new developments but have been the method of guaranteeing class rule "ever since the Framers decided that they needed the present political system to protect their power and privilege". Fresia's deconstruction of American history follows Bordieu's pattern of the 'habitus' and describes how the discourse of Americanisation has been aided by the structuring of thought-processes, social engineering and archetypal pattern of understanding in a particular way (like the Christian concept of good and evil). The Descartian sense of logic which are propagated by these power mongers make them institutionalised instruments of Repressive State Apparatus: agents of repression, like the Police, that teach by force and violence, in order to maintain the necessary consensus. Fresia says: "As citizens we are supposed to be like the nation's school children who are given no choice but to stand by their desks and mindlessly recite a pledge of allegiance to a flag, a pledge that was introduced into schools at the turn of the century to counter the influence of ideas that immigrant school children had received from their parents and from distant lands." He goes on to quote Benjamin Rush's famous lines: "I consider it possible to convert men into republican machines. This must be done, if we expect them to perform their parts properly, in the great machine of the government of the state.": and deduce that the motif of

Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Strategy - Essay Example The supplier caters almost 35% of the requirements of the company that is huge and might put the company in jeopardy (Thompson, 2012). In the given circumstances, the company needs to take into account the adverse economic environment and formulate a successful corporate strategy to cope with the business complexities (Johnson et al 2011). Haberberg and Rieple (2008) demonstrate that a well-planned corporate strategy provides means to renew competitive advantage in line with the changing environment. Accordingly, it will be most appropriate to delve deeper into the existing toy market scenario. Italy, France, Germany, Spain and the UK constitute almost 73% of the total European toy market. Most of the supply of the toys in the Europe comes from China. The infant and preschool toy segments constitute almost 20 percent of the market – a largest segment in the total toy sales. Toy shops in the five major countries of Europe sell almost 40% of the total sales in toys (The Toy Sector in Europe, 2010). Furrer (2011) argues that the ultimate purpose of any corporate strategy is the value creation. In order to sail through difficult times, the company needs to adopt positioning strategy to earn higher revenues by using scarce and limited resources at its disposal (Besanko, 2010). Accordingly, the company will be benefitted by positioning to the fastest growing infant/preschool segment of toys and expand by capturing the imagination of this class of children. Porter (1985) argues that it is important to differentiate the product from its competitors so that it is valued by buyers and the uniqueness in the product is eventually rewarded through a higher price. Moreover, innovation is must to make product distinct and unique Grant, 2010). In order to ensure uninterrupted supply, suppliers’ evaluation and selection process needs to be done most meticulously (Sollish & Semanik, 2011) and therefore an effective and flaw-less sourcing strategy needs to be at

( Human Resource Management ) Do Emotional Intelligence and Dissertation

( Human Resource Management ) Do Emotional Intelligence and Leader-Member Exchange affect the job satisfaction & turnover Intent - Dissertation Example It is suggested that further investigation on the arbitrating consequences of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and Team-Member Exchange (TMX) on Emotional Intelligence, job satisfaction and job performance is required. 1. Introduction 1.1 Why teams are important? As Thomas Edison once coined, "If we did all the things we were capable of doing, we would literally astound ourselves". According to Katzenbach and Smith, (1993), "A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they are mutually accountable." The team performance curve by Katzenbach and Smith, 1993 Source: Katzenbach and Smith, 1993, Business in today’s world flourishes only because of teams and team work. A team in an organization can actually prevail over almost any complexity to be successful in its objectives when it works with the right attitude. Sometimes difficulties may arise in certain projects then under such circumst ances the determination and cooperation of teams can conquer it and triumph. Under situations of ‘no pressure’ In most projects there will be times when only the determination of the team can overcome the difficulties and carry the initiative through to success. Even when there is no pressure, the team's strength and zeal will be mirrored in the feature of the solution. In reality teams have more flexibility in operations, talents and experience with a good lot of diversity of resources. Leadership in Teams The requirements of team performance lead to team leadership which tilts just about team need contentment so that team efficiency can be built up. Who ever is ready to take up the responsibility and satisfy the needs of a team can be assumed to take up team leadership, irrespective of the fact whether he/she acts from inside the team or outside it (McGrath, 1962). This analysis of team leadership is coherent with functional leadership presumption. Fleishman et al., 1 991; Hackman & Walton, 1986; Zaccaro et al., 2001 also support that functional leadership model of team leadership is the best leader ship model. According to Schutz, (1961: 61) â€Å". . . leader as completer . . . the best a leader can do is to observe which functions are not being performed by a segment of the group and enable this part to accomplish them†. Style of Team Leadership ? Dictatorial style of team leadership is one in which a single person prescribes the result of the team and the remaining people do not contribute towards it at all. This type of leadership is also known as autocratic leadership (Goleman, 2000). In integrative team leadership the sources of the team are taken up together into an incorporated result of the team. In reality this kind of team leader ship is not as simple as it reads. This kind of leadership is a holistic, meditative and receptive approach to conducting oneself, guiding others, and contributing in the organization. Autocratic Style of Leadership This style of leadership involves in giving all the powers to the leader in decision making. The

Microbial disease and immunology Assignment. Writing a scientific Essay

Microbial disease and immunology Assignment. Writing a scientific abstract - Essay Example 7 females), aged between 18-69 years, were divided into three groups based on severity of pulmonary TB infection as mild (infection in single lobe, no visible cavities), moderate (two or more lobes with/without cavities), and advanced (bilateral disease, multiple cavities). 12 healthy volunteers comprised the control group. Cytokine measurements were performed using ELISA. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney tests, and Spearmans rank test were employed for statistical analysis. Levels of the four cytokines (Th1 type cytokines – IFN-y and Il-2, and Th2 type cytokines – IL-4 and IL-10) were significant in all the three groups; however, the pattern of circulating cytokines varied. Higher levels of Th1 cell type cytokines were seen in the mild group, while high levels of both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines were seen in the moderate group. Advanced patients had higher levels of Th2 type cytokines and lower levels of Th1 type cytokines. Thus, while cell-mediated immune responses are sig nificant in mild tuberculosis, advanced tuberculosis is characterised by impaired cell-mediated immune responses and enhanced humoral responses. It can be concluded that expansion of IL-4 and IL-10 producing T cells is positively correlated with the severity of pulmonary